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Acid, Base and Salt Science Notes Class 10

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Acids

Acids are those chemical substances that give H+ ion when dissolved in water. Therefore, almost all the acids contain Hydrogen atom as their constituent element.

Physical Properties of Acids

  1. Acids are sour to taste.
  2. They are corrosive in nature.
  3. They turn blue litmus paper into red, no change in phenolphthalein, and methyl orange into red.

Chemical Properties of Acids

1. They react with base to form salt.

$$\text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$$

$$\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 + \text{CaO} \rightarrow \text{CaSO}_4 + \text{H}_2\text{O}$$

2. Dilute acids react with reactive metals to form salt and hydrogen gas.

$$2 \text{HCl}_\text{(dil)} \ + \ \text{Na} \rightarrow 2 \text{NaCl} \ + \ \text{H}_2 \uparrow$$

$$2 \text{HCl}_\text{(dil)} \ + \ \text{Zn} \rightarrow \text{ZnCl}_2 \ + \ \text{H}_2 \uparrow$$

3. They react with carbonates and bicarbonates and to form salt, water and carbon dioxide gas.

Carbonates:

$$2 \text{HCl} \ + \ \text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \rightarrow 2 \text{NaCl} \ + \ \text{H}_2\text{O} \ + \ \text{CO}_2 \uparrow$$

$$\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \ + \ \text{MgCO}_3 \rightarrow \text{MgSO}_4 \ + \ \text{H}_2\text{O} \ + \ \text{CO}_2 \uparrow$$

Bicarbonates:

$$\text{HCl} \ + \ \text{NaHCO}_3 \rightarrow \text{NaCl} \ + \ \text{H}_2\text{O} \ + \ \text{CO}_2 \uparrow$$

4. They react with sulphates and bisulphates and form salt, water and sulphur dioixide gas.

$$\text{HCl} \ + \ \text{Na}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{NaCl} \ + \ \text{H}_2\text{O} \ + \ \text{SO}_2 \uparrow$$

6. They dissolve in water to give hydrogen ions.

$$\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{H}^+ \ + \ \text{Cl}^-$$

$$\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow 2\text{H}^+ \ + \ \text{SO}_4^{–}$$

$$\text{HNO}_3 \rightarrow \text{H}^+ \ + \ \text{NO}_3^-$$

  • Properties
  • Uses

Bases

Bases are those chemical substance that contain oxides or hydroxides.

Physical Properties of Bases

  1. Bases are bitter to taste.
  2. Solution of bases are slipperty to touch.
  3. They turn red litmus paper into blue, phenolphthalein to pink, and no change in methyl orange.

Uses

Salts

Salts are those compounds formed by the mixture of acids and bases.

Physical Properties of Salts

  • Properties
  • Uses

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction between acid and base of comparable strengths to form two netural products – salt and water, is called neutralization reaction.

Use of Neutralization Reaction in Daily Life