Materials Used in Daily Life Science Notes Class 10

It is fine grey powder of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate is called cement.

Cement

Q. How is cement manufacture in industry?

Ans: Cement is manufactured by heating the mixture of lime stone (Caco₃)and special type of clay (Al₂ O₃ .Sio₂) in the ratio of 2:1 at 1600 degree centigrade.

Q. Why is calcium oxide added to cement?

Ans: It is added to cement to give rigidity.

Q. What does RCC stand for?

Ans: RCC stands for Reinforced cement concrete.

• Slurry: It is a mixture of cement, gravel, sand and water.
• Cement Clinker: It is a pea-sized ball formed by calcium silicate and calcium aluminate.
• Concrete: It is a mixture of cement, gravel, sound, water, and coarse.
• Mortar: It is thick paste of cement and sand in the ratio of 1:3 with water.

Ceramics:

It is science of pottery which is defined as the objects made from special type of clay, hydrated AL silicate, feldspar and silicate.

GOOD TO KNOW!

Hydrated Aluminium Silicate $[\text{Al}_2\text{SiO}_3.2\text{H}_2\text{O}]$

Properties of Ceramics

1. It is shiny.
2. It is hard and brittle.
3. It is not affected by chemicals.
4. It is bad conductor.
5. It can with stand high temperaturte.

Uses of Ceramics

1. It is used to make home utensils, bowls, cup-flower vessels etc.
2. It is used for making electrical devices, television sets etc.
3. It is used for making teeth, bones, joints etc.

Glass

It is defined as the amorphous transparent homogeneous mixture of silicate of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.

Properties of Glass

1. It is homogeneous mixture of silicate of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
2. It is bad conductor.
3. It is non-rusty.
4. It does not react with any chemicals etc.

Types of Glass

Quartz glass:

It is the glass obtained by heating pure silicate 1600 degree centigrade temperature.

Use of quartz glass: It is used for making electrical tools, antenna, space, vehicles, etc.

Water glass [Soft glass]:

It is defined as the sodium or potassium silicate.

For example:
1. Na₂ SiO₃
2. K₂ Sio₃

Uses of water glass: It is used for making fire proof materials, silica gel, and silica garden.

Q. Why is water glass so called ?

Ans: It is because water glass is highly soluble in water.

Ordinary glass [Soda Lime glass]

The homogeneous mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate is called ordinary glass. For example: Na₂ SiO₃ . Ca Sio₃

Uses of ordinary glass: It is used for making laboratory test tube i.e apparatus window panes, light bulb, etc.

Hard Glass [Potash Lime glass]

The homogeneous mixture of potassium silicate and calcium silicate is called hard glass. For example: K₂ Sio₃ . Casio₃

Uses of hard glass: To make hard glass, test tube , beaker, electric light etc.

Lead crystal glass [Flint glass]

The homogeneous mixture of potassium silicate and lead silicate is called lead crystal glass. For example: K₂ Sio₃ . PbSiO₃

Uses of lead crystal glass: To make lenses, TV screen , Rader tube, Electric bulbs etc.

Borosilicate glass

The homogeneous mixture of sodium silicate, calcium silicate, and boron silicate is called borosilicate glass. For example: Na₂SiO₃ .Ca SiO₃.B₂ (Sio₃)₃

Uses of Borsilicate glass: To make super quality of glassware, kitchen ware, electrical devices, etc.

Colored glass

The glass which is made by adding different metallic oxides to the hot molten materials is called colored glass.

Metallic Oxide	Colour imparted to the glass
Cobalt oxide	Blue
Nickel oxide	Black
Chromium oxide	Green
Manganese oxide	Purple
Copper oxide	Red
Ferric oxide	Yellow/Brown
Tin oxide	Milky white

Fibres:

It is hair like structure which are extremely long and flexible. Following are the two types of fibres:

1. Natural fibres: The fibres which are obtained from plants and animals sources are called natural fibres. For example: silk, wool, cotton , etc.
2. Artificial fibres: The fibres which are made by artificial method are called artificial fibres. For example: Rayon, Nylon, etc.

Advantages / Merits of fibres

1. The fibers are smooth, fine, and durable.
2. It is not affected by insect and fungi.
3. It does not absorb water easily. So, it dries up quickly.

Disadvantages / Demerits of Artificial fibres

1. It catches fire easily.
2. It does not absorb water easily.
3. It produces bad smell while burning.

Plant Fibre and Animal Fibre

• Plant Fibre: The fibre which are obtain from plants is called fiber. For example: cotton, jute, etc.
• Animal Fibre: The fibre which are obtain from animals source is called animal fibre. For example: wool, silk, etc.

Q. Name any three artificial fiber which are used for making clothes.

A. Any three artificial fibre which are used for making clothes are mentioned below.

1. Acrylic fibre
2. Nylon
3. Rayan

Plastics

Plastic is defined as the synthetic fibre which can be moulded easily or not. There are two types of plastics on the basis of extent of moulding:

1. Thermoplastic: The plastic which can be moulded easily on heating is called thermoplastic. For example: PVC [Polyvinyl chloride], polythene, etc.
2. Thermosetting plastic: Those plastic which can not be moulded easily on heating are called thermosetting plastic. For example: Bakelite, Melamine, etc.

Good to Know:

PVC = Poly-vinyl chloride [ CH₂ = CHCl]
Bakelite: Formaldehyde + carbolic acid.

Q. Differentiate between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic

Thermoplastic	Thermosetting plastic
It is soft, elastic and less brittle.	It is hard, strong, and non-elastic.
It can be moulded easily.	It can not be moulded easily.
It can be converted into desired shape and size, frequently.	It cannot be converted into desired shape and size easily.
Example: polythene, pvc, etc.	Example: Bakelite, Melamine, etc.

Properties of plastic

1. It is lighter.
2. It is non-rusted.
3. It is cheaper.
4. It can be recycle.
5. It is transparent and flexible.

Q. Even though plastic causes chemical pollution, why it is widely used in world? Give any four reasons.

A. It is because of following reasons:

1. It is portable.
2. It is cheaper.
3. It is non- rusted.
4. It is water proof.
5. It is bad conductor.
6. It can be recycle.

Soap

It is defined as the sodium salt of long chain fatty acid. For example: Sodium stearate, sodium oleate, etc.

Saponification: The process of making soap by reacting animal fats or plants oil with caustic soda under suitable condition is called saponification.

Chemical Reaction:
NAOH + plant soil/ Animal fats Sap + Glycerol

$\text{3NaOH} + \text{C}_3\text{H}_5\text(OOCR)}_3 \rightarrow \text{3NAOOCR} + \text{C}_3\text{H}_5\text{(OH)}_3$

Detergent

It is defined as the sodium salt of long chain benzene sulphonic acid. For Example: sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.

Q. Differentiate between soap and detergent.

Soap	Detergent
It is bio-degradable.	It is non-biodegradable.
It is sodum salt of higher fatty acids.	It is sodiium salt of benzene sulphonic acid.
It has low cleansing action.	It has high cleansing action.
For example: sodium sterate, sodium oleate, etc.	For example: sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.

Pesticides:

The chemical compounds which are used to control and kill pests is called pesticides.

Different types of pesticides:

1. Insecticides:

The chemical compounds which are used to kill insects are called insecticides.

2. Fungicides:

The chemical compounds which are used for killing and controlling fungi are called fungicides.

3. Herbicides:
‘

The chemical compounds which are used for killing herbs or weeds are called herbicides.

4. Multicides:

The chemical compounds which are used to kill or destroy mites are called multicides.

5. Rodenticides:

The chemical compounds which are used to kill or destroy rodents are called rodenticides.

Types of insecticides or pesticides on the basis of source.

1. Organic Insecticides
2. Inorganic Insecticides

Organic insecticides:

Those insecticides which are composed from hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon are called organic insecticides.

For Example:

BHC[ Benzene Hexachloride] , DDT[ Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]

Inorganic insecticides:
Those insecticides which are composed of minerals and other chemicals like : lime sulphur, calcium arsenate are called inorganic insecticides.

For Example :

lead arsenate, fluorides, etc.

Advantage of organic insecticides:

1. It is non- poisoning.
2. It is pollution less.
3. It does not destroy fertility of soil.
4. It is eco- friendly.

Disadvantage of using insecticides:

1. Some insecticides are poisoning.
2. They are harmful if they stay on fruits, vegetables, etc.
3. They may be non- biodegradable.
4. They destroy useful insect like silkworm, honeybee, etc.
5. They pollute water, land, tourism area, etc.

Fertilizers:
Those substances which are in nutrients for plants and are added to the ground to increase fertility of soils are called fertilizers.

Types of fertilizers:

1. Organic fertilizers
2. In- organic fertilizers

Organic fertilizers:
Those fertilizers which are poor in nutrients and are bio-degradable are called organic fertilizers.

For Example:
Compost manure, Green manure, etc.

1. They take long time to dissolved in water.
2. They can easily made by local technology.
3. They are cheaper and pollution less.

In-organic fertilizers:
Those fertilizers which are rich in nutrients and are non-degradable are called in-organic fertilizers.

For Example:
Nitrogen fertilizer, Phosphorous fertilizers, NPK fertilizers, etc.

1. They take short time to dissolve in water.
2. They are costly and cause pollution.
3. They can be made in laboratory and industries.

Different in-organic fertilizers:

1. Nitrogen fertilizers
2. Phosphorous fertilizers
3. Potassium fertilizers

Nitrogen fertilizers:
The fertilizers which contain salts of nitrogen are called nitrogen fertilizers / Nitrogenous.

For Example:

( NH₄ )₂ SO₄ , ( NH₄ )₃ PO₄ , NH₂ -CO-NH₂ , etc.

Function of Nitrogen fertilizers”:

1. It helps for fast growth of plants.
2. It helps to increase crops yielding.
3. It helps to form protein, chlorophyll.

phosphorous fertilizers:
The fertilizer which contain salts of phosphorous are called phosphorous fertilizers.

For Example:

(NH₄ )₃ PO₄ , Calcium super- phosphate [ Ca ( H₂ Po₄ )₂] , etc.

Function of phosphorous fertilizers:

1. It helps to increase disease resistance power.
2. It helps for yielding more crops.
3. It helps for formation of protein, carbohydrates, etc.

Potassium fertilizers:
The fertilizer which contain salts of potassium are called potassium fertilizers.

For Example:
KNO₃ , KCL, K₂ SO₄ , K₂ CO₃ , etc.

Function of potassium fertilizers:

1. It helps for proper development of root, leaves, of plants.
2. It helps to resist diseases.
3. It helps for proper growth of tower.

Define single fertilizers, mixed fertilizers, complete fertilizers.

1. Single fertilizers:
   The fertilizers which contains only one or single primary nutrients is called single fertilizers.

For Example:
KCL, K₂ SO₄ , NH₂ -CO-NH₂ , etc.

2. Mixed fertilizers :
The fertilizers which contains more than one primary nutrients for plants are called mixed fertilizers.

For Example:
(NH₄ )₃ PO₄ , KNO₃ , etc.

3. Complete fertilizers:
The fertilizers which contain all the required nutrients like N, P, K for the proper developments of plants are called complete fertilizers.

For Example:
Mixture of potassium chloride and ammonium phosphate.

Chemical pollution:
The pollution which is caused due to unscientific and improper use of chemical substances is called chemical pollution.

Causes of chemical pollution:

1. Unscientific use of chemical fertilizers.
2. Improper use of insecticides and pesticides.
3. Insincere use of plastics.
4. Unscientific management of solid waste materials.
5. Smoke from industries and factories etc.

Control measures of chemical pollution:

1. Scientific use of chemical fertilizer.
2. Proper use of insecticides and pesticides.
3. Sincere use of plastics.
4. Scientific management of solid waste materials.
5. Smoke from industries and factories must be controlled.

Solid waste management:
The process and systematic management of activities and actions to manage the waste from its inception is called solid waste management.

Mention any four ways of solid waste management:

1. Proper management of sewage , drainage , etc.
2. Scientific management of dumping sites.
3. Proper management of chemicals.
4. Scientific use of non-renewable and non-degradable materials like plastic, lead, etc.
5. Recycling and reusing of solid materials.

Landfill dumping:
It is a site for disposal and systematic management of solid waste produced from home, industries, vehicles, farming land, etc.

Incineration:
It is systematic management of waste materials by combustion of it.

NOTE:

1. Glass is called cooled liquid. Why?

Ans: It is because in glass molecules move from higher level to lower level just like molecules of liquid.

2. Glazing:

It is defined as the process of adding color, articles, pictures on the surface of ceramics by scientific technology.

Tin oxide or lead oxide are coated over surface of ceramics for glazing.

3. Why is lead mono-oxide (PBO) added to glass?

Ans: It because PBO helps to increase refractive index of the glass.

4. Annealing:
Lime stone is added to make solution, insoluble, and glass pieces help in melting. When liquid is slowly allowed to cooled then, glass is made. This process is called annealing.

4. Plaster of peris :

The hydrated calcium sulphate is called CUSO₄ . 2H₂ O.

Use of peris :
It is used for plastering of facture bones.

Monomers:
The tiny molecules by which polymers are formed are called monomers.

Polimers:
When monomers fused together then complex molecules are formed which are called polimers.

Polimerization:
The process of formation of polimers by the fusion of monomers is called polimerization.

Green manuring:
The process of formation of organic manure by remnants of green plants after harvesting crops from the farming land through ploughing is called green manuring.

Ceramics

Plastics

Soap

Detergent

Read Also

Differentiate between soap and detergent.

Insecticide

Fertilizers

Chemical Pollution

Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Wastes

Reference:

• Table: Metal oxide and Color of Glass: The Chemistry of Coloured Glass – Compound Interest (compoundchem.com)