Metal Science Notes Class 10

Metals and Non-metals

Metals	Non-metals
Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity.	Non-metals are bad conductor of heat and electricity except graphite.
They are malleable and ductile.	They are not malleable and ductile.
Metals have metallic luster.	Non-metals do not have metallic luster except iodine.
All metals (except mercury) are solid at ordinary conditions.	Non-metals can be solid, liquid or gases at ordinary conditions.
They have high melting and boiling points.	They have less boiling and melting points.

Metalloids

Metalloids are those elements which possess both the metallic and non-metallic properties. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They have metallic luster but in general they are not malleable and ductile. Examples: silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, etc.

Minerals and Ores

Minerals	Ores
Minerals are those naturally occurring substances which contains metals.	Ores are those minerals from which metals can be extracted economically.
All minerals are not ores.	All ores are minerals.
Examples: clay, cryolite, feldspar, etc.	Examples: hematite, bauxite, etc.

Metallurgy

Metallurgy is the branch of science which deals with the extraction of metals from the ores and manufacture of metal products.

Some Metals and their Properties

Picture demonstrating metling point, boiling point, ores, atomic number, valnecy, and atomic weight

Iron

Symbol	Fe
Atomic Number	26
Atomic Weight	56
Valency	2 and 3
Electronic configuration	1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2 ,3p6,4s2,3d6
Colour	Grey white

Position in periodic table

Iron is a d-block element that belongs to group VIII and period 4.

Ores of iron

1. Hematite
2. Magnetite
3. Limonite
4. Iron pyrite
5. Siderite

Physical properties

1. It is silvery-white lustrous metal.
2. It is malleable and ductile in nature.
3. The melting point of iron is 1550°C and the boiling point is 2400°C.
4. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Chemical properties

1. Rusting: Rusting is the formation of reddish-brown coating on the surface of iron due to the formation of ferric oxides when iron is exposed to moist air.

Use

1. Iron is used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions.
2. It is used in the manufacture of steel.
3. It is used in the manufacture of rods, pipes, nuts and bolts, nails,etc.
4. Iron is used in construction works.

Aluminum

Symbol	Al
Atomic Number	13
Atomic Weight	27
Valency	3
Electronic configuration	1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2 ,3p1
Colour	Silvery white

Position in periodic table

Aluminum is a p-block element that belongs to group IIIA and period 3.

Ores of Aluminum

1. Bauxite
2. Feldspar
3. China clay

Physical properties

1. Aluminum is the lightest metal with specific gravity 2.7
2. Its melting point is 660°C and its boiling point is 1800°C.
3. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
4. It is malleable and ductile in nature.

Chemical properties

Uses

1. Aluminum is a rusting resistant light metal. So, it is used for making body of aeroplane, cars, buses, etc.
2. Aluminum foil is used for wrapping foods, chocolate, medicines, etc.
3. Electric cables are made from aluminum because it is very good conductor of electricity.
4. It is used in making various alloys.
5. Powdered aluminum is mixed in oil to form paint.

Copper

Symbol	Cu
Atomic Number	29
Atomic Weight	63.5
Valency	1 and 2
Electronic configuration	1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2 ,3p6,4s1,3d10
Colour	Reddish brown

Position in periodic table

Copper is a d-block element that belongs to group IB and period 4.

Ores of Copper

1. Cuprite (Ruby copper)
2. Copper pyrite (Chalcopyrite)
3. Copper glance (Chalcocite)
4. Malachite

Physical properties

1. Copper is a red brownish metal with a metallic luster.
2. Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
3. It is highly malleable and ductile in nature.
4. Its specific gravity is 8.95.
5. Its melting point is 1083°C and boiling point is 2562°C

Chemical properties

Uses

1. Copper is used for making electric wires.
2. It is used to make household utensils.
3. It is used for electroplating and electrotyping.
4. Copper salts are used as insecticides and germicides.
5. It is used to make coins. So, it is also known as coinage metal.
6. It is used for making alloys such as brass, bronze, etc.

Silver

Symbol	Ag
Atomic Number	47
Atomic Weight	107.8
Valency	1
Electronic configuration	1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2 ,3p6,4s2,3d10,4p6,5s1,4d10
Colour	Lustrous white

Position in periodic table

Silver is a d-block element that belongs to group IB and period 5.

Ores of Silver

1. Argentite
2. Horn silver
3. Silver copper glance
4. Pyrolite

Physical properties

1. Silver is a white lustrous metal.
2. Silver is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
3. It is malleable and ductile in nature.
4. Its specific gravity is 10.52.
5. Its melting point is 960°C and boiling point is 2162°C

Chemical properties

Uses

1. It is used for silver plating.
2. We use Silver Bromide(AgBr) in photography.
3. It is used for making valuable utensils, coins and jewelry.
4. It is used in the manufacture of silver nitrate which is a very useful lab reagent.
5. Silver is used in water purifiers to prevent growing of bacteria and algae.
6. It is used for silvering mirrors and filling teeth.

Gold

Symbol	Au
Atomic Number	79
Atomic Weight	197
Valency	1 and 3
Electronic configuration	1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s2 ,3p6,4s2,3d10,4p6,5s2,4d10,5p6,6s1,4f14,5d10
Colour	Lustrous yellow

Position in periodic table

Gold is a d-block element that belongs to group IB and period 6.

Occurence

Gold is found in native state in alluvial soil and quartz rocks.

Physical properties

1. Gold is a yellow colored lustrous metal.
2. Its melting point is 1063°C and boiling point is 2610°C
3. Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
4. It is less reactive in nature.
5. Gold is a heavy metal with specific gravity 19.3.

Chemical properties

Uses

1. Gold is used for making jewelry, statues, etc.
2. It is used for gold plating.
3. It is used for making coins and medals.
4. Gold is used for filling teeth.
5. It is used to make gold leaf electroscope.